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Comment sort-on de la délinquance ? C'est à cette question à la fois naïve et ambitieuse que cet ouvrage collectif entend répondre. Question a priori naïve parce qu'elle va à l'encontre d'une croyance bien ancrée selon laquelle la délinquance comporterait une part inéluctable de récidive. Ceci explique le désintérêt pour les processus de désistance, qui sont donc longtemps restés incompris. Question ambitieuse parce qu'elle implique d'appréhender ces parcours de désengagement en articulant les phénomènes de socialisation et de régulation institutionnelle dans leur contexte social, économique et politique. L'objectif de ce livre est ainsi de comprendre les multiples configurations des sorties de délinquance, bien au-delà des seules interventions pénales. Dans cette perspective, cet ouvrage réunit une dizaine de chercheuses et de chercheurs européens issus de trois générations, qui présentent les résultats d'enquêtes empiriques récentes qu'ils ont menées sur de multiples terrains en France, en Angleterre, en Irlande et au Brésil. Ces différents travaux offrent un large panorama des approches méthodologiques et des cadres théoriques qui traversent actuellement ce domaine de recherches en plein essor. Malgré leur diversité, l'ensemble des contributions repose sur un même fondement : la grande majorité des personnes ayant commis des infractions finit par ne plus recommencer. Ce constat suscite des interprétations variées, dont se dégage néanmoins un horizon commun : s'il serait vain de dresser une liste de facteurs unilatéralement favorables ou défavorables aux sorties de délinquance, ce livre permet d'identifier les configurations dans lesquelles le désengagement apparaît possible et celles dans lesquelles il s'avère improbable.
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Offender profiling is an investigative tool used to narrow down the range of potential suspects for a crime by predicting the personality, behavioral, and demographic characteristics that an offender is likely to possess, based upon information collected at the crime scene. While offender profiling has been popularized by TV shows and movies such as Criminal Minds, Silence of the Lambs, and Mindhunter, the real-world impact of offender profiling is largely unknown. This book discusses the history of offender profiling, summarizes research on offender profiling methods, and reviews offender profiling evaluations of accuracy and applied impact. This book also describes a promising new offender profiling methodology called evidence-based offender profiling. This new method relies upon empirical data and scientific methods to develop, evaluate, and replicate offender profiles, thereby increasing offender profiling's accuracy and utility for active police investigations. It uses prior information about statistical regularities between types of offenders and types of offenses to predict the characteristics of offenders in unsolved cases. A discussion of the future of offender profiling research and implications for law enforcement is also included. This book also explains how practitioners can benefit from the use of empirically tested and validated profiles in their unsolved investigations and how the use, continued research, and evaluation of evidence-based offender profiling can advance the quality, prestige, and utility of the field of offender profiling.
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Criminal behavior, Prediction of --- Violence --- Criminal behavior, Prediction of --- Violence
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In 1978, RAND researchers conducted a survey of inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas prisons. One of the survey reports (RAND/R-2815-NIJ) suggested that crime might be reduced if scarce prison space were allocated to offenders most likely to commit crimes upon their release from prison, i.e., to "recidivate." Two critical assumptions underlying this suggestion are: (1) a substantial number of inmates recidivate, and (2) it is possible to identify which inmates will recidivate when they are sentenced, or before they are released, or both. This report examines the accuracy of both assumptions and the implications for policies regarding the length of sentences imposed. Its findings indicate that prison inmates usually commit crimes, often serious ones, after their release, but it is not possible to predict accurately which inmates will recidivate, how soon after release they will recidivate, or how often they commit post-release crimes.
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